Alder

Alder (Alnus Glutinosa, Gaelic: feárna)  is often coppiced or of bushy habit, but it can grow to 20m.  It thrives in damp conditions, even in swamps, its roots fixing atmospheric nitrogen for its own use and to feed the ground cover plants that grow alongside—often primrose & violets.  The male catkins are maroon,  opening to green in Feb.  The female catkins resemble small cones.  Both these and the seeds float easily—which helps with dispersal of the seeds from the trees which often grow on riverbanks.  The leaves & bark have been used to produce  black or brown dyes.  The timber is an attractive red colour, and very water-resistant, hence its use for water-wheels,  bridges, piers.  Alder is common throughput the Highlands—the Mound  Alderwood is the largest  area of Alder in Britain.

Birch

Birch (Gaelic: beithe) is a pioneer tree.  It was the first tree to colonise our hills & glens after the retreating ice.  It grows in a wide variety of soils and climates and supports a large variety of flora & fauna.  It is a fairly short lived tree, rarely more than 80 years, reaching a height of about 30m.  It can dominate the landscape , but eventually will get shaded out by larger & longer lived trees that succeed it.  Both varieties of birch, silver and downy (Betula pendula and Betula pubescens) grow locally, but it is the downy birch that predominates in the Gearrchoille.  Birch timber is used for furniture, bowls and fuel.  The sap, collected in March is still used to make wine.

Hazel

Hazel (Corylus avellana, Gaelic:calltainn) grows throughout the Highlands—it is particularly common in Argyll, spreading northwards with birch 10.000 years ago.  It often grows alongside oak & with primroses and honeysuckle.  Male catkins visible through winter, opening to bright yellow, 8 cms long in mid-Feb, followed  in March by small bright red tufts, which are the female flowers.  These mature to produce edible nuts in late Sept.

Hazel is often coppiced on an 8-year rotation, which produces straight stems used for hurdles, creels, shepherds crooks, and shinty sticks. 

Scots Pine

Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris, Gaelic: giuthas) was a major component of the Caledonian Forest which once covered large areas of the Highlands.  Trunks are commonly tall (to 35m) & straight.  Male & female flowers are on the same tree—the small male flowers releasing clouds of yellow pollen to be caught on the tiny red buds of the female flowers found on the tips of the new spring shoots.  These develop over 2 or 3 years to become cones filled with ripe winged seeds, which are released when the weather is warm and dry.  The timber is resinous, producing tar used by boatbuilders, to seal the planks, which were also often pine wood. 

Aspen

Aspen (Populus tremula, Gaelic: critheann) are the tallest trees in the Gearrchoille, the leaves turning bright yellow in autumn.  The male & female catkins appear on separate trees, although Aspen rarely flowers or sets seed in Scotland, but spreads by suckers.  The nutrient rich bark supports a wide range of mosses and lichens, and many insects are associated with the trees—including Aspen Hoverfly whichfeeds on dead wood. Aspen timber is pale, lightweight & strong, useful for oars, but there was a taboo against using it for fishing or agriculture  implements or house building.

Oak

There are two varieties of oak (Gaelic: Darach) native to Britain.  Common or Pedunculate Oak (Quercus robur) and Sessile or Durmast Oak (Quercus petraea).  The two forms are similar, but distinct in the way they carry their leaves and acorns.  On the Sessile, the acorn cups are on a very short stem, whilst the leaves, which have no ears at the base, grow away from the twigs on a leaf stalk of 10-25mm.  The two oaks readily cross, and judging by the characteristics of the trees in the Gearrchoille, I would suggest a number of these are hybrids between the 2 species.  New shoots appear on Oaks in July/ August – known as Lammas growth – which brings new colour to the trees and means they retain strong leaves well into the autumn.  Oaks are the most important trees for supporting wildlife, particularly insects, in Britain – more than 500 species.  The bark is also home to numerous lichens and mosses.  Acorns have been used as food for pigs, deer, squirrels, mice & in times of hardship, man.  Oak –leaf wine can still be bought today.  Oak galls (formed by the oak in defense against gall wasp) can be used to make ink; the bark was used with copper mordant to produce a purplish wool dye.

Oak is a very long-lived tree, the oldest surviving to 800 or more years, after the first century the oak only grows at about 2.5cms/ year, so the wood matures as it grows becoming very hard & close-grained.  Oak timber was used for ships and beams for building.  Oaks woods were often coppiced on a 20 year rotation, which provided a regular crop of smaller timber for firewood and fuel for iron-smelting (at Bonawe and Furnace) , also bark for tanning. 

The mystical associations with the Oak are numerous.  It was the tree  of Dagda, father of the gods of Ireland;  it was the most sacred tree of the druids, who worshipped in Oak groves; Merlin’s wand was said to be made of oak.  Oak is struck by lightning more often than other trees – which was seen as a communication between sky gods & man.

Willow

There are many speciies of Willow in the Highlands and many traditional uses.  The common sallow, Salix atrocinera (Gaelic: Seileach), one of the varieties in the Gearrchoille gave a black dye.   Young growth was used for basket making, and the bark for tanning.  A peeled willow rod was the traditional wizard’s staff, and there were many medicinal uses, the bark and leaves containing salicylic acid—a source of aspirin

Willows are generally small trees, to 10m, and grow well in wet ground  - the curling pond in the Gearrchoille was colonised by willow, although the Goat willow  thrives on drier ground.  Leaf shape varies from oval  (Goat Willow) to a more elongated spear shape.  Male & female flowers are on separate trees, appearing before the leaves in March & April, the male catkins providing useful early pollen for bees. 

Rowan

The Rowan (Sorbus aucuparia, Gaelic: chaoruin) grows to 20m with a smooth, shiny grey bark.  It grows to almost 1000m above sea level, higher than any other British Tree.  It produces clusters (10 cm wide) of creamy white flowers in spring, resulting in clusters of red berries in late summer. 

The name Rowan is derived from a Norse word ‘runa’, meaning charm, which is why it was often planted by houses to ward off witches.  The berries make an edible sharp jelly, similar to marmalade.  Great with oatcakes!  Also a great favourite with larger birds—  blackbirds, fieldfares & waxwings. 

Rowan timber  could have found many uses, but the taboo against  felling the trees prevented its use., except for sacred occasions.  Twigs of Rowan were placed above doorways as protection from enchantment.

Full tree species list